![]() ![]() Variables related with soil use (CULT and SOILUSE) did not show any important relation with PARA. These herd prevalences are in the range previously reported in other Spanish regions (Mainar and Vázquez-Boland, 1998). The PTB herd prevalence in the region of Avila obtained in this study (AGID methodology) was 29% for sheep and 52% for goats. Lastly, two of the owners of the selected herds were not found and the last refused to participate. One herd was missed because of a coding mistake, whereas another herd disappeared between sampling design and questionnaire administration. Of the 19 missing herds, 14 were not included due to lost or damaged serum samples. The study was designed to have a total number of 80 herds (35 caprine and 45 ovine), but only 61 herds could be included (23 caprine and 38 ovine). The epidemiological unit of concern was the herd. ![]() The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between soil type and seroprevalence of ovine and caprine paratuberculosis in the Avila region (central Spain).Ī cross-sectional study was designed in the Avila region (Spain). Nevertheless, those authors concluded that the published studies did not offer any quantitative epidemiological analysis about the nature of the risk of PTB posed by low soil pH. The literature relating to the role of soil into the epidemiology of PTB was reviewed by Johnson-Ifearulundu and Kaneene (1997), looking for epidemiological criteria to detect the causal association between soil type and soil pH and this disease. paratuberculosis is an acid-fast bacterium highly resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions, the epidemiology of PTB must consider the survival of this bacterium in the soil. Transmission is mainly by the faecal–oral route, hence it is considered that PTB is acquired through the exposure of animals to a contaminated environment. In Spain, PTB was firstly described in sheep (Aller et al., 1973), and later in goats (Garrido and León, 1979). Reports of outbreaks of this infection in other domestic and wild species (Rodrick et al., 1983, Cetinkaya et al., 1997), as well as the relationship among PTB and human Crohn’s disease (Morgan et al., 1997), suggest a public-health concern. PTB is characterised by chronic granulomatous enteritis with progressive emaciation that has long been considered an economically important disease of cattle, but has been largely overlooked in sheep and goats. Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic infectious disease of adult ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. The estimated Odds Ratios were 25.9 (95% CI: 1.6, 411) for ST-1 (entisols as soil type) and 3.5 (95% CI: 0.3, 45) for ST-2 (inceptisols as soil type). The final model contained only two independent variables: the predictor variable soil type (coded as two dummy variables ST-1 and ST-2) and herd size (dichotomized at the highest quartile). Other variables related to soil and soil usage, and herd size, replacement, main food production and animal species were also introduced into the multivariable logistic regression. Herd paratuberculosis (herds were scored as positive to paratuberculosis if any of the serum samples was positive in an agar–gel immunodifussion) was the outcome of interest, whereas soil type in the municipality where farms were located was the predictor variable. Questionnaire data from 61 herds (38 ovine and 23 caprine) and 1451 serum samples (1041 ovine and 410 caprine) were used. Relationships between soil type and ovine and caprine paratuberculosis in the Avila region (central Spain) were evaluated using data from a cross-sectional study of the most-important diseases of small ruminants in this Spanish region between 19.
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